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1.
Arq. gastroenterol ; 53(1): 31-35, Jan.-Mar. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-777115

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background Hepatitis C is a liver disease that causes significant changes in metabolism, and also has an impact on nutritional status. Objective To evaluate the nutritional status and cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Methods This cross-sectional study investigated 58 patients with chronic hepatitis C, non-cirrhotic and were not under active pharmacological treatment. Patients with significant alcohol consumption (greater than 10 g ethanol/day) were excluded. Patients underwent nutritional assessment through anthropometric measurements and functional assessment using hand grip strength by dynamometry. The physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Patients also underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation. Cardiovascular risk was calculated by the Framingham score. Results The mean age of patients was 51.6±9.7 years, 55.2% were female, and 79.3% had genotype 1. The most prevalent degree of fibrosis was F1 (37.9%) followed by F2 (27.6%) and F3 (1.7%). The prevalence of overweight/obesity considering the body mass index was 70.7%. However, 57.7% of men and 68.8% of women were considered malnourished according to hand grip strength. These patients also had waist circumference (93.5±10.7 cm) and neck circumference (37.0±3.6 cm) high. Almost 60% of patients were considered sedentary or irregularly active. In relation to cardiovascular risk, 50% of patients had high risk of suffering a cardiovascular event within 10 years. Conclusion Although most patients with hepatitis C presented overweight, associated with high cardiovascular risk, they also have reduced functional capacity, indicative of protein-caloric commitment. Therefore, body mass index can not be considered the only method of assessment for nutritional diagnosis of patients with liver disease. Adopting methods such as hand grip strength can be important for a better understanding of nutritional status of these patients.


RESUMO Contexto A hepatite C é uma doença hepática que provoca alterações importantes no metabolismo e também tem impacto no estado nutricional. Objetivo Avaliar o estado nutricional e o risco cardiovascular em pacientes com hepatite C crônica. Métodos Este estudo transversal investigou 58 pacientes com hepatite C crônica, não cirróticos e que não estavam sob tratamento farmacológico ativo. Pacientes com consumo de álcool significativo (maior de 10 g de etanol/dia) foram excluídos. Os pacientes realizaram avaliação nutricional, através de medidas antropométricas, e avaliação funcional, através da medida da força do aperto de mão pela dinamometria. A prática de atividade física foi avaliada através do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. Os pacientes também passaram por avaliação clínica e laboratorial. O risco cardiovascular foi calculado pelo escore de Framingham. Resultados A média de idade dos pacientes foi 51,6±9,7 anos, 55,2% eram do sexo feminino, e 79,3% apresentavam genótipo 1. O grau de fibrose mais prevalente foi F1 (37,9%), seguido por F2 (27,6%) e F3 (1,7%). A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade considerando o índice de massa corporal foi de 70,7%. No entanto, 57,7% dos homens e 68,8% das mulheres foram considerados desnutridos de acordo com a força do aperto de mão. Estes pacientes também apresentaram circunferência da cintura (93,5±10,7 cm) e circunferência do pescoço (37,0±3,6 cm) elevados. Quase 60% dos pacientes foram considerados sedentários ou irregularmente ativos. Em relação ao risco cardiovascular, 50% dos pacientes apresentou elevado risco de sofrer evento cardiovascular em 10 anos. Conclusão Apesar de grande parte dos pacientes com hepatite C apresentarem excesso de peso, associado a alto risco cardiovascular, os mesmos também apresentaram diminuição da capacidade funcional, indicativa de comprometimento proteico-calórico. Portanto, o índice de massa corporal não pode ser considerado o único método de avaliação para diagnóstico nutricional de pacientes com doença hepática. Adotar métodos como a força do aperto de mão pode ser importante para uma melhor compreensão do estado nutricional destes pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/complications , Hand Strength/physiology , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis C, Chronic/physiopathology , Obesity/physiopathology , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Nutrition Assessment , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/diagnosis , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Middle Aged , Obesity/complications
2.
West Indian med. j ; 61(3): 213-218, June 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672888

ABSTRACT

An inadequate and imbalanced intake of protein and energy results in protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). It is known that bone mineral density and serum magnesium levels are low in malnourished children. However, the roles of serum magnesium and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in the pathophysiology of bone mineralization are obscure. Thus, the relationships between serum magnesium and ET-1 levels and the changes in bone mineral density were investigated in this study. There was a total of 32 subjects, 25 of them had PEM and seven were controls. While mean serum ET-1 levels of the children with kwashiorkor and marasmus showed no statistically significant difference, mean serum ET-1 levels of both groups were significantly higher than that of the control group. Serum magnesium levels were lower than normal value in 9 (36%) of 25 malnourished children. Malnourished children included in this study were divided into two subgroups according to their serum magnesium levels. While mean serum ET-1 levels in the group with low magnesium levels were significantly higher than that of the group with normal magnesium levels (p < 0.05), mean bone mineral density and bone mineral content levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05). In conclusion, many factors play a role in the pathophysiology of changes in bone mineral density in malnutrition. Our study suggested that lower magnesium levels and higher ET-1 levels might be important factors in changes of bone mineral density in malnutrition. We recommend that the malnourished patients, especially with hypomagnesaemia, should be treated with magnesium early.


El consumo inadecuado y desbalanceado de proteínas y calorías energía conduce a la malnutrición calórico-proteica (MCP). Se sabe que la densidad mineral ósea y los niveles séricos de magnesio son bajos en los ninos malnutridos. Sin embargo, no está claro el papel que desempenan los niveles séricos de magnesio y los niveles séricos de endotelina-1 (ET-1) en la patofisiología de la mineralización del hueso. Por consiguiente, las relaciones entre los niveles séricos de magnesio y los niveles séricos de ET-1, y los cambios en la densidad mineral ósea, constituyen el objeto de investigación de este estudio. Hubo un total de 32 sujetos; 25 de ellos tenían DCP y 7 eran considerados. Si bien los niveles séricos promedios de ET-1 de los ninos con kwashiorkor y marasmo no mostraron diferencia estadística significativa, los niveles séricos promedio de ET-1 de ambos grupos fueron significativamente más altos que los del grupo de control. Los niveles séricos de magnesio estuvieron por debajo del valor normal en 9 (36%) de 25 ninos malnutridos. Los ninos malnutridos incluidos en este estudio fueron divididos en dos sub-grupos según sus niveles de magnesio en suero. Mientras que los niveles séricos promedio de ET-1 en el grupo con niveles bajos de magnesio fueron significativamente más altos que los del grupo con niveles normales de magnesio (p < 0.05), la densidad mineral ósea promedio y los niveles promedio del contenido mineral óseo fueron significativamente más bajos (p < 0.05). En conclusión, muchos factores juegan un papel en la patofisiología de los cambios en la densidad mineral ósea por la malnutrición. Nuestro estudio sugirió niveles más bajos de magnesio y niveles más altos de ET-1 podrían ser factores importantes en los cambios de densidad mineral ósea en la malnutrición. Se recomienda que los pacientes malnutridos, especialmente a causa de hipomagnesemia, sean tratados con magnesio lo más pronto posible.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Bone Density , Endothelin-1/blood , Magnesium/blood , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Kwashiorkor/blood , Kwashiorkor/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/blood , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/metabolism
3.
An. bras. dermatol ; 86(4): 681-688, jul.-ago. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-600609

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTOS: A pele, para exercer suas funções, necessita de níveis adequados de nutrientes. OBJETIVO: Analisar o trofismo cutâneo de ratos nutridos e desnutridos por meio de dois modelos de desnutrição. MÉTODOS: No Modelo Marasmo, utilizaram-se 60 ratos Wistar em controle dietético, dos quais 30 foram selecionados aleatoriamente para receber metade da dieta diária durante 60 dias. No Modelo Gelatina, empregaram-se 60 ratos, dos quais 30 receberam dieta associada a proteína de baixa qualidade (gelatina) durante 30 dias. Avaliou-se o estado nutricional dos animais por meio da massa corporal, dos sinais clínicos e da dosagem de albumina sérica. Após o período de desnutrição, fez-se a histologia da pele dos animais para análise da espessura da derme e epiderme com o software Leica Application Suite; nas lâminas coradas com tricrômio de Gomori, analisou-se a colagênese com o software ImageJ. RESULTADOS: A massa corporal dos animais desnutridos pelo marasmo e gelatina foi significativamente menor (p<0,0001 e p<0,0001) do que a dos grupos nutridos. Quanto à albumina sérica, não houve diferença entre os grupos nos dois modelos. Em relação à análise histológica da espessura da pele, os desnutridos apresentaram a derme significativamente menos espessa em comparação aos nutridos (p<0,0001 e p<0,0001). No que respeita à colagênese, os grupos desnutridos apresentaram menores percentuais de colágeno em relação aos nutridos (p<0,0005 e p<0,003). CONCLUSÕES: Os animais desnutridos pelos dois modelos apresentaram diminuição na espessura dérmica, confirmada histologicamente pelo menor percentual de colágeno, mostrando a influência negativa da desnutrição no trofismo cutâneo.


BACKGROUND: The skin requires adequate levels of nutrients to function properly. OBJECTIVE: To analyze skin trophism in well-nourished and undernourished rats using two models of malnutrition. METHODS: In the marasmus model, 60 Wistar rats were kept on a controlled diet, 30 being randomly selected to receive half the established diet for 60 days. In the gelatin model, 60 rats were used, 30 of which received a diet consisting of poor quality protein (gelatin) for 30 days. The nutritional status of the animals was evaluated according to body mass index, clinical signs and serum albumin measurement. After the period of malnutrition, histology was performed on the animals' skin to analyze the thickness of the dermis and epidermis using the Leica Application Suite software. Collagen was analyzed on slides stained with Gömöri trichrome using the ImageJ software program. RESULTS: The body mass index of the malnourished animals in the marasmus and gelatin groups was significantly lower than that of the well-nourished animals in the two groups (p<0.0001 in both models). With respect to serum albumin, there was no difference between the groups in either of the two models. In relation to the histological analysis of skin thickness, the dermis of the malnourished animals was significantly thinner compared to that of the well-nourished animals (p<0.0001 in both models). The percentage of collagen was lower in the malnourished animals compared to the well-nourished animals (p<0.0005 and p<0.003 in the marasmus and gelatin model, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Skin thickness measurements were lower in the malnourished animals in both models, and this finding was histologically confirmed by the lower percentage of collagen, showing the negative effect of malnutrition on skin trophism.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Collagen/analysis , Malnutrition/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Serum Albumin/analysis , Skin/physiopathology , Body Mass Index , Disease Models, Animal , Rats, Wistar , Skin/chemistry
4.
Rev. paul. pediatr ; 28(3): 353-361, set. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-566356

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS: Apresentar a conduta para o tratamento da desnutrição energético-proteica grave e os principais aspectos fisiopatológicos da doença. FONTES DE DADOS: Tomando como base o Manual da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS, 1999), realizou-se uma busca por trabalhos publicados em inglês, espanhol e português sobre o tratamento hospitalar de crianças com desnutrição grave, nas bases de dados Lilacs, Medline e SciELO, publicados nos últimos dez anos, utilizando-se as palavras-chave: desnutrição, criança, hospitalização, terapia nutricional, diretrizes, OMS. SÍNTESE DE DADOS: Foram abordadas as principais características fisiopatológicas da desnutrição grave e a conduta recomendada para o tratamento. Identificaram-se as principais complicações clínico-metabólicas, como a hipotermia, a hipoglicemia, a desidratação e as infecções recorrentes, além da má absorção e a fase de estabilização ou de recuperação do desnutrido grave. A compreensão de todos esses conceitos relacionados à fisiopatologia da desnutrição energético-proteica, associada ao adequado planejamento e execução da terapia nutricional, pode reduzir o risco de morbimortalidade em crianças com idade inferior a cinco anos. CONCLUSÕES: As diretrizes da OMS devem ser implantadas levando-se em consideração a realidade de cada região e a capacitação do profissional da saúde quanto ao conhecimento da complexidade e fisiopatologia da desnutrição energético-proteica grave, para adequado diagnóstico e tratamento. O sucesso do tratamento está associado ao cuidado e à atenção ao paciente.


OBJECTIVE: To identify the main physiopathological aspects of severe protein-energy malnutrition and its treatment. DATA SOURCE: Based on the World Health Organization guidelines (WHO, 1999), an electronic search for papers on hospital treatment of children with severe malnutrition was performed on Lilacs, Medline and SciELO databases. Studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese published in the last ten years were searched by the following key-words: malnutrition, child, hospitalization, nutrition therapy, practice guidelines, WHO. DATA SYNTHESIS: The main pathological aspects of severe malnutrition and its specific treatment were reviewed. The main clinical and metabolic complications of severe malnutrition were identified such as hypothermia, hypoglycemia, dehydration, usual infections, intestinal malabsorption, as well as stabilization and recovery phases, were defined. Understanding the main concepts of the physiopathology of this condition, associated with appropriate nutrition support planning, can decrease morbidity and mortality risks of children younger than five years old. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of the 1999 WHO guidelines should take into consideration local economic and cultural aspects, as well as the professional health care training. Due to the complexity of severe malnutrition, adequate knowledge about basic aspects of this condition helps providing adequate diagnosis and treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/therapy , Hospitalization , Nutrition Therapy , World Health Organization
5.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 86(3): 233-238, maio-jun. 2010. graf, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-550779

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do treino físico imposto às ratas mães durante a gestação associado a uma dieta hipoproteica imposta durante os períodos gestacional e de lactação sobre o desenvolvimento e crescimento do fêmur da prole. MÉTODOS: Quarenta ratos machos Wistar, 90 dias de vida, foram divididos em quatro grupos: filhotes de mãe sedentária nutrida, filhotes de mãe sedentária desnutrida, filhotes de mãe treinada nutrida e filhotes de mãe treinada desnutrida, todos com n = 10. Treinamento físico em esteira durante 8 semanas, 5 semanas antes da concepção e 3 no período gestacional para as ratas mães dos grupos filhotes de mães treinada nutrida e treinada desnutrida. Indução da dieta hipoproteica às ratas mães durante a gestação e lactação para os grupos filhotes de mães sedentária desnutrida e treinada desnutrida. Após sacrifício, no 90º dia de vida, analisou-se peso, comprimento e conteúdo mineral ósseo do fêmur dos filhotes. RESULTADOS: Peso corporal, peso femoral e comprimento femoral diminuídos (p < 0,05) para os grupos filhotes de mães sedentária desnutrida e treinada desnutrida em relação aos grupos filhotes de mães sedentária nutrida e treinada nutrida, respectivamente. Não houve diferença no conteúdo mineral ósseo do fêmur em nenhum dos grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O treinamento físico leve em esteira durante a gestação não interfere no desenvolvimento e crescimento ósseo da prole. Entretanto, a desnutrição proteica durante esse período e durante a lactação promove prejuízos permanentes à estrutura óssea da prole.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of physical training of mother rats during pregnancy associated with a low-protein diet offered during pregnancy and lactation on the development and growth of the femur of their offspring. METHODS: Forty 90-day old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: pups of sedentary nourished mothers, pups of sedentary malnourished mothers, pups of trained nourished mothers, and pups of trained malnourished mothers; all groups included 10 rats. Physical training on a treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 weeks before conception and 3 weeks in the gestational period for mother rats of pups of trained nourished mothers and pups of trained malnourished mothers. Induction of low-protein diet to the mother rats during pregnancy and lactation for the groups of pups of sedentary malnourished mothers and trained malnourished mothers. After the pups were sacrificed, on the 90th day of life, we analyzed weight, length, and femoral bone mineral content. RESULTS: Decreased body weight, femur weight, and femur length (p < 0.05) were observed for the groups of pups of sedentary malnourished mothers and trained malnourished mothers in comparison with to the groups of pups of sedentary nourished mothers and trained nourished mothers, respectively. There was no difference in bone mineral content of the femur in either of the groups. CONCLUSION: Mild of physical training on the treadmill during pregnancy does not interfere with bone development and growth of the offspring. However, protein malnutrition during this period and during lactation promotes permanent damage to the bone structure of the offspring.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Pregnancy , Rats , Animals, Newborn/growth & development , Femur/embryology , Lactation/physiology , Physical Conditioning, Animal , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Animals, Suckling/physiology , Body Weight , Diet, Protein-Restricted , Femur/growth & development , Rats, Wistar , Time Factors
6.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 42(6): 523-530, June 2009. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-512760

ABSTRACT

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a syndrome that often results in immunodeficiency coupled with pancytopenia. Hemopoietic tissue requires a high nutrient supply and the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of cells occur in a constant and balanced manner, sensitive to the demands of specific cell lineages and dependent on the stem cell population. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of PEM on some aspects of hemopoiesis, analyzing the cell cycle of bone marrow cells and the percentage of progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Two-month-old male Swiss mice (N = 7-9 per group) were submitted to PEM with a low-protein diet (4 percent) or were fed a control diet (20 percent protein) ad libitum. When the experimental group had lost about 20 percent of their original body weight after 14 days, we collected blood and bone marrow cells to determine the percentage of progenitor cells and the number of cells in each phase of the cell cycle. Animals of both groups were stimulated with 5-fluorouracil. Blood analysis, bone marrow cell composition and cell cycle evaluation was performed after 10 days. Malnourished animals presented anemia, reticulocytopenia and leukopenia. Their bone marrow was hypocellular and depleted of progenitor cells. Malnourished animals also presented more cells than normal in phases G0 and G1 of the cell cycle. Thus, we conclude that PEM leads to the depletion of progenitor hemopoietic populations and changes in cellular development. We suggest that these changes are some of the primary causes of pancytopenia in cases of PEM.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Bone Marrow Cells/physiology , Cell Proliferation , Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/physiology , G1 Phase/physiology , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Colony-Forming Units Assay , Cell Cycle/physiology , Flow Cytometry , Fluorouracil , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/blood
8.
Acta cir. bras ; 23(5): 435-440, Sept.-Oct. 2008. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-491909

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To study the effect of protein malnutrition on the intestinal wall of rats by evaluating alterations in the rupture force and dosing tissue collagen in the ileum and distal colon. METHODS: One hundred and twenty rats, that had an average weight of 100g, were used. They received water and a standard diet with 20 percent protein during 7 days for adaptation to the diet itself and to environmental conditions. After that period, the animals were randomly distributed in two groups of 60 rats each: Group 1 - the animals received a control diet with 20 percent casein for 21 days; Group 2 - hypoprotein diet with 2 percent casein for 21 days. After the adaptation period, 12 animals of each group were sacrificed at 5 moments: the beginning of experimental period (M0), 4° day (M1), 7° day (M2), 14° day (M3) and 21° day (M4). The diet to the other rats was maintained until the last sacrifice. The following variables were evaluated: body weight, blood albumin rate, tissue's hydroxyproline, hydroxyproline/total protein ratio and rupture strength in the intestinal wall of the ileum and the distal colon. RESULTS: It was observed that the rupture strength in the ileum segment and distal colon was lower in malnourished animals (Group 2); the loss of mechanical resistance was higher in the distal colon segment than in the ileum probably due to the smaller concentration of tissue collagen in the distal colon. CONCLUSION: Protein malnutrition induces the loss of mechanical resistance of the ileum and distal colon and may be associated with a smaller percentage of collagenous tissue formation in the intestinal wall.


OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da desnutrição protéica na parede intestinal do rato através da medida de força de ruptura e dosagem do colágeno tecidual no íleo e cólon distal. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 120 ratos, pesando em média 100g, que receberam durante 07 dias uma dieta padrão, contendo 20 por cento de caseína para adaptação dos animais as condições do biotério. Após esse período os animais foram divididos em dois grupos de 60, o controle denominado grupo um que recebeu a dieta padrão, e o grupo teste denominado grupo dois, que recebeu dieta hipoprotéica contendo 2 por cento de caseína. Os dois grupos receberam suas respectivas dietas por um período de 21 dias. Após esse período iniciou-se o sacrifício seqüencial dos animais em ambos os grupos, em número de 12 animais em cada momento, correspondendo ao dia Zero (MO), 4º dia (M1), 7º dia (M2), 14º dia (M3), e 21º dia (M4) sendo mantida a mesma dieta até o final do sacrifício. Em cada momento foram avaliados o peso corpóreo, albumina sanguínea, hidroxiprolina tecidual, relação hidroxiprolina/proteína tecidual e a força de ruptura no segmento ileal e cólico dos animais. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que a força de ruptura do segmento ileal e do cólon distal foi menor nos animais desnutridos (Grupo 2). A perda da resistência mecânica foi maior no segmento do cólon distal do que no segmento ileal, provavelmente pela menor concentração do colágeno tecidual no cólon distal. CONCLUSÃO: A desnutrição protéica induz a diminuição da resistência mecânica no íleo e no cólon distal associado a diminuição do colágeno tecidual na parede intestinal.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Collagen/analysis , Colon/metabolism , Ileum/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/metabolism , Tensile Strength/physiology , Body Weight , Colon/injuries , Colon/physiopathology , Hydroxyproline/analysis , Ileum/injuries , Ileum/physiopathology , Intestinal Mucosa/chemistry , Intestinal Mucosa/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Proteins/analysis , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Rupture/physiopathology , Serum Albumin/analysis , Time Factors
9.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 41(4): 390-393, jul.-ago. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-494495

ABSTRACT

Existem poucos estudos sobre as alterações da função hepática em camundongos com esquistossomose associada à desnutrição. Neste trabalho, os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos, de acordo com as dietas (normal ou hipoprotéica) e infectados ou não pelo Schistosoma mansoni. Todos os grupos desenvolveram-se menos que o grupo controle (p<0,0001). A mortalidade nos animais foi devida à infecção. Níveis altos de aminotransferases nos animais nutridos e infectados sugerem um processo inflamatório intenso (p<0,0001). Todos os grupos apresentaram elevação da fosfatase alcalina. Houve aumento da aspartato transferase e da fosfatase alcalina em animais nutridos infectados. As dietas modificaram os níveis de albumina (p>0,001), e das proteínas séricas. Os grupos, comparados ao controle, mostraram baixos níveis de glicose (p<0,001). Este estudo verificou que ambas, infecção e/ou desnutrição, interferiram nos níveis dos indicadores bioquímicos, mas as alterações mais importantes da função hepática ocorreram durante a inflamação intensa causada pela esquistossomose.


There are few studies on liver function abnormalities in mice with schistosomiasis associated with malnutrition. In this study, animals were divided into four groups, according to their diet (normal or low protein) and whether they were infected with Schistosoma mansoni or not. All the groups grew slower than the control did (p < 0.0001). Mortality among the animals occurred because of the infection. High levels of aminotransferases in well-fed animals with infection suggested that there was an intensive inflammatory process (p < 0.0001). All the groups presented high levels of alkaline phosphatase. There were increases in aspartate transferase and alkaline phosphatase in infected well-fed animals. The diets modified the albumin levels (p > 0.001) and the serum proteins. Compared with the controls, the groups showed low levels of glucose (p < 0.001). This study found that both infection and malnutrition interfered with the biochemical indicator levels, but the most important liver function abnormalities occurred during the intense inflammation caused by schistosomiasis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Liver/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosomiasis mansoni/physiopathology , Albumins/analysis , Alkaline Phosphatase/blood , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Glucose/analysis , Liver Function Tests , Liver/parasitology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/blood , Schistosomiasis mansoni/blood , Transaminases/blood
10.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 71(2): 42-47, abr.-jun. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-589258

ABSTRACT

Determinar las concentraciones séricas de citocinas Th2 (IL4 e IL10), en niños desnutridos y eutróficos sin infección, en edades comprendidas entre 6 meses y 6 años. Se seleccionaron 89 niños; 64 niños con algún grado de desnutrición (leve, moderada y grave) y 25 niños eutróficos. Las citocinas se midieron en sangre periférica utilizando el método de ELISA doble sandwich. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizo el test de ANOVA con post test de Tukey. Se presentan como media + DE. La IL4 mostró en el grupo de desnutridos, niveles más elevados: leves (0.46 ± 0.04 pg/ml), moderados (0.48 ± 0.10 pg/ml) y graves (0.55 ± 0.006 pg/ml), presentando cada grupo diferencias significativas p < 0.001 en relación con el grupo control (0.37 ± 0.004 pg/ml). También hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos de desnutridos leves y moderados con los graves p < 0.001. La IL10 mostró diferencias significativas entre los desnutridos moderados (9.91 ± 3.17 pg/ml) y graves (10.88 ± 5.13 pg/ml) con el grupo control (6.53 ± 2.59 pg/ml) p < 0.01. Los valores elevados de IL4 e IL10 en el niño desnutrido son consecuencia de un daño en la capacidad de activación de las células inmunitarias en los mismos, sumándose el grado de infestación parasitaria con helmintos que presentan, que condiciona la elevación de IL4.


To determine the cytokine serum measurements Th2 (IL4 and IL10), in malnourished children and eutrophic without infection, in ages understood between 6 months and 6 years. 89 children were selected; 64 children with some grade of malnourishment (mild, moderate and severe) and 25 eutrophic children. The cytokines was measured in outlying blood using ELISA'S double sandwich method. For the statistical analysis we use the test of ANOVA with post test of Tukey. They are presented like Mean + SD. The IL4 showed in the group of malnourished, higher levels: mild (0.46 ± 0.04 pg/ml), moderate (0.48 ± 0.10 pg/ml) and severe (0.55 ± 0.006 pg/ml), presenting each group significant differences (p < 0.001) in relation with the control group (0.37 ± 0.004 pg/ml). There were also significant differences among the groups of mild malnourished and moderate with the severe ones p < 0.001. The IL10 showed significant differences among the moderate malnourished (9.91 ± 3.17 pg/ml) and the severe (10.88 ± 5.13 pg/ml) with the control group (6.53 ± 2.59 pg/ml) (p < 0.01). The high values of IL4 and IL10 in the malnourished children are consequence of damage in the capacity of activation of the immune cells in the same ones, being added the grade of parasitic infection with worms that present that conditions the rise of IL4.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Cytokines/analysis , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/diagnosis , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , /analysis , Nutrition Rehabilitation/methods , Nurseries, Infant , Pediatrics , Socioeconomic Factors
11.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 84(3): 264-271, May-June. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-485285

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Estudar características morfológicas, metabolismo e habilidades contráteis do músculo submetido a desnutrição protéica pré e pós-natal. MÉTODOS: Distribuição dos animais em dois grupos: controle, dieta normoprotéica (GC; n = 15; 5/5/5) e desnutrido, dieta hipoprotéica (GD; n = 15; 5/5/5), observados respectivamente no sétimo, 14º e 28º dia do período experimental. Foram avaliados massa corporal total, peso, habilidades contráteis e a morfologia do músculo tibial anterior. Amostras de tecidos com 8 m de espessura de ratos com idades de 7, 14 e 28 dias, corados por hematoxilina e eosina, e outros submetidos aos métodos histoquímicos nicotinamida adenina tetrazólio redutase (NADH-TR) e miofibrilar (m-ATPase) (pH = 4,4). RESULTADOS: Os pesos corporal e muscular apresentaram-se menores nos grupos desnutridos. Aos 7 dias de desnutrição, o músculo apresentou fibras com menor diâmetro, maior polimorfismo e maior teor de tecido conjuntivo endomisial. Nas histoquímicas, tipos de fibras sem delimitação segura. Aos 14 dias de desnutrição, fibras menores, mais polimórficas, muitas com núcleos centrais e moderado teor de tecido conjuntivo endomisial. Quanto à contração, a reação m-ATPase evidenciou fibras lentas e rápidas. A reação NADH-TR revelou os tipos de fibras slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic e fast glycolytic. Aos 28 dias de desnutrição, fibras menores, agrupadas com contornos variáveis. Quanto ao tipo de contração e metabolismo, os três tipos de fibras apresentaram limites de reconhecimento indistinto. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados experimentais sugerem que, além da redução no número de fibras, a desnutrição promove um retardamento na diferenciação das características morfológicas, metabólicas e contráteis dos tipos de fibras musculares esqueléticas em ratos na fase de crescimento.


OBJECTIVE: To study the contractile properties, metabolism and morphological characteristics of muscles submitted to prenatal and postnatal protein malnutrition. METHODS: Animals were distributed into two groups: Control, normoprotein diet (CG; n = 15; 5/5/5), and Malnourished, hypoprotein diet (MG; n = 15; 5/5/5), and examined on the 7th, 14th, and 28th days of the experiment. Total body mass, weight, and the contractile properties and morphology of the anterior tibial muscle were assessed. Several 8 µm-thick tissue samples were taken from 7, 14, and 28 day old rats and stained with HE or subjected to NADH-TR or m-ATPase (pH = 4.4) techniques. RESULTS: Body and muscle weight were lower in the malnourished group. On the 7th day of malnutrition, muscle samples exhibited fibers with smaller diameter, higher polymorphism and higher endomysial conjunctive tissue content. Histochemical methods were unable to precisely determine the types of fiber present. On the 14th day, there were smaller muscle fibers, more polymorphism, many of them with central nuclei and moderate endomysial conjunctive tissue content. With reference to contractile properties, the m-ATPase reaction identified both slow and fast fibers. The NADH-TR reaction revealed the following types of fiber: slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) and fast glycolytic (FG). On the 28th day smaller, bunched muscle fibers varying shapes. All three types of fiber exhibited unclear recognition limits with respect to contraction and metabolism. CONCLUSION: Our experimental results suggest that, in addition to the reduction in numbers of fibers, malnutrition retards the differentiation of the morphological, metabolic, and contractile characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers in growing rats.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Pregnancy , Rats , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal , Muscle, Skeletal , Muscle Contraction/physiology , Muscle Development/physiology , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/metabolism , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/metabolism , Animals, Newborn , Glycolysis/physiology , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology , Oxidation-Reduction , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/pathology , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/pathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Rats, Wistar
12.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 41(1): 54-59, Jan. 2008. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-469972

ABSTRACT

The learned helplessness (LH) paradigm is characterized by learning deficits resulting from inescapable events. The aims of the present study were to determine if protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) alters learning deficits induced by LH and if the neurochemical changes induced by malnutrition alter the reactivity to treatment with GABA-ergic and serotonergic drugs during LH. Well-nourished (W) and PCM Wistar rats (61 days old) were exposed or not to inescapable shocks (IS) and treated with gepirone (GEP, 0.0-7.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, N = 128) or chlordiazepoxide (0.0-7.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, N = 128) 72 h later, 30 min before the test session (30 trials of escape learning). The results showed that rats exposed to IS had higher escape latency than non-exposed rats (12.6 ± 2.2 vs 4.4 ± 0.8 s) and that malnutrition increased learning impairment produced by LH. GEP increased the escape latency of W animals exposed or non-exposed to IS, but did not affect the response of PCM animals, while chlordiazepoxide reduced the escape deficit of both W and PCM rats. The data suggest that PCM animals were more sensitive to the impairment produced by LH and that PCM led to neurochemical changes in the serotonergic system, resulting in hyporeactivity to the anxiogenic effects of GEP in the LH paradigm.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Avoidance Learning/drug effects , GABA Modulators/pharmacology , Helplessness, Learned , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/drug therapy , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology , Analysis of Variance , Body Weight , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Chlordiazepoxide/pharmacology , Chlordiazepoxide/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , Escape Reaction/drug effects , Escape Reaction/physiology , GABA Modulators/therapeutic use , Learning Disabilities/etiology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/psychology , Pyrimidines/therapeutic use , Rats, Wistar , Serotonin Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use
14.
EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2007; 13 (3): 633-645
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-157034

ABSTRACT

A standard sleep questionnaire was given to the parents of 26 infants with protein-energy malnutrition who underwent polysomnographic evaluation. These investigations were repeated approximately 2 months after enrolment in a nutritional rehabilitation programme based on World Health Organization guidelines. Anthropometric values and serum serotonin levels were also measured. After nutritional rehabilitation there was a significantly higher percentage of non-rapid eye movement [REM] sleep; 2nd REM time, and latency times for sleep and REM sleep increased. Percentages of REM sleep and serum serotonin levels decreased significantly. Protein-energy malnutrition seems to affect the sleep-wake cycle; disturbed serotonin levels may be among the factors responsible


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/complications , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/rehabilitation , Serotonin/metabolism , World Health Organization
15.
Arq. gastroenterol ; 43(4): 269-274, out.-dez. 2006. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-445628

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUD: Protein-calorie malnutrition is a frequent finding in patients with chronic liver disease, but investigations of nutritional status have been rarely performed in individuals seen at outpatient clinics AIM: To evaluate the nutritional status of patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhosis, attended for the first time at a reference outpatient clinic for liver diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 300 consecutive patients attended at the outpatient clinics of a reference center for liver diseases were investigated. Anthropometric evaluation was performed by the usual parameters: triceps skinfold, arm circumference and arm muscle circumference. Biochemical parameters included creatinine/height index, serum albumin and lymphocytes count. The nutritional diagnosis was based on the PCM score proposed by Mendenhall et al. Food intake was retrospectively evaluated using 24-hour dietary recall data. RESULTS: About 71 percent of the patients studied were chronic alcohol abusers, whereas in 29 percent cirrhosis was of nonalcoholic etiology. Independently of the disease etiology 75.3 percent of the patients showed some degree of protein-calorie malnutrition, which was moderate or severe in 38.3 percent of them. More advanced protein-calorie malnutrition degrees were associated with lower energy and protein intake. The prevalence of moderate or severe protein-calorie malnutrition was higher in patients classified as Child-Pugh C than in patients classified as Child-Pugh A (21 percent x 58 percent, respectively). Regarding sexual differences, fat reserves, evaluated by triceps skinfold, were more depleted in females than in males (48.6 percent x 26.6 percent) regardless of the etiology of the cirrhosis, whereas muscle reserves (arm muscle circumference) were more depleted in males (43.4 percent x 13.4 percent) regardless of the etiology of cirrhosis. In contrast, cirrhosis of alcoholic etiology was determinant in reducing arm...


RACIONAL: A desnutrição calórica e protéica é achado freqüente em pacientes com doença hepática. Poucas investigações da desnutrição calórica e protéica têm sido realizadas em pacientes atendidos em ambulatório OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional de pacientes com cirrose hepática (alcoolistas e não-alcoolistas), atendidos na primeira consulta em ambulatório de referência para doenças hepáticas. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Trezentos pacientes consecutivamente atendidos pela primeira vez em ambulatório de doenças hepáticas foram incluídos neste estudo. Os mesmos foram submetidos a avaliação nutricional que constou de antropometria: dobra cutânea do tríceps, circunferência do braço e circunferência muscular do braço, e bioquímica: índice creatinina/altura, albumina sérica e contagem total de linfócitos. O diagnóstico do estado nutricional foi baseado pelo escore de desnutrição calórica e protéica proposto por Mendenhall e colaboradores e a ingestão alimentar por recordatório de 24 h RESULTADOS: Setenta e um porcento dos pacientes cirróticos estudados foram de causa alcoólica e 29 por cento não-alcoólica. Independentemente da causa, a prevalência de desnutrição calórica e protéica foi de 75,3 por cento, sendo que 38.3 por cento deles já a apresentavam moderada e grave. Os pacientes com desnutrição calórica e protéica moderada e grave apresentavam pior ingestão de proteína e energia. A prevalência de moderada e grave foi mais elevada nos pacientes classificados como Child-Pugh C do que nos pacientes classificados como Child-Pugh A (21 por cento x 58 por cento, respectivamente). Em função das variáveis sexo e causa, as reservas de gordura, avaliadas pela dobra cutânea do tríceps, estiveram mais depletadas em mulheres cirróticas que nos homens cirróticos (48,6 por cento x 26,6 por cento). Já as reservas musculares, avaliadas por circunferência muscular do braço, estiveram mais depletadas em homens cirróticos (43,4 por cento x 13,4 por cento), independentemente...


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Liver Cirrhosis/pathology , Nutritional Status , Outpatients , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/pathology , Ascites/pathology , Body Weights and Measures , Creatinine/blood , Creatinine/urine , Diet Surveys , Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism , Liver Cirrhosis/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/metabolism , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Severity of Illness Index , Sex Distribution , Statistics, Nonparametric
16.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 56(1): 43-50, mar. 2006. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-441748

ABSTRACT

La diarrea magnifica los efectos de la desnutrición. En consecuencia, aquí se estudió el efecto de la diarrea sobre dos tipos de desnutrición (proteica y proteico-calórica). El experimento incluyó 42 ratas jóvenes de la cepa Sprague Dawley que se distribuyeron en tres grupos (14 ratas/grupo). Durante los primeros 16 días del experimento, el primer grupo recibió una dieta control ad-libitum, el segundo recibió la misma dieta pero su consumo se redujo en un 50% y el tercer grupo recibió una dieta deficiente en proteína. Al final de este período había ratas bien nutridas (controles) y con desnutrición proteica y calórico-proteica. Luego, a la mitad de estas ratas en cada grupo, se les produjo diarrea con lactosa y todas las ratas continuaron con su dieta y el régimen de alimentación preasignado durante una semana. Así, durante este período había ratas controles así como con deficiencia proteica o calórico-proteica que tenían diarrea y grupos idénticos que no tenían diarrea. Los resultados mostraron que la diarrea causó una disminución del consumo y del crecimiento en las ratas del grupo control y deficiente en proteína. Sin embargo, el grupo con deficiencia calórico-proteica no redujo su consumo ni disminuyó su crecimiento en respuesta a la diarrea. La consecuencia de esto fue que la diarrea produjo desnutrición en el grupo control y aumentó la desnutrición en el grupo deficiente en proteína, pero no tuvo un efecto adicional en el grupo con deficiencia calórico-proteica. Además, la reducción en la absorción aparente del nitrógeno y de la grasa asociada con la diarrea, fue mayor en las ratas deficientes en proteína. Este grupo también presentó las actividades más bajas de disacaridasas intestinales. Esto resultados muestran que la diarrea tiene un efecto negativo mayor en ratas con deficiencia proteica que con deficiencia calórico-proteica.


Diarrhea increases the effects of malnutrition. Accordingly, the effect of diarrhea on two types of malnutrition (protein deficiency and protein-calorie deficiency) was studied. The experiment included 42 young Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were distributed into three groups with 14 rats per group. During the first 16 of the experiment, the first group was fed a control diet ad libitum, the second received the same diet but with food intake reduced in 50% whereas the third group was offered a protein deficient diet. Thus, at the end of this period there were well-fed rats (control), as well as protein and protein-calorie malnourished rats. Then one half of the rats in each group were given lactose to produce diarrhea and all rats continued with their previously assigned diet and feeding regime during one more week. Therefore, during this period there were control rats, protein deficient rats and protein-calorie deficient rats with and without diarrhea. The results showed that diarrhea caused a substantial reduction in food intake and growth in the well-fed rats and also in the group fed the protein deficient diet. However, the protein-calorie deficient group did not reduce its intake nor its growth rate. As a result, diarrhea caused malnutrition in the control group and increased malnutrition in the protein deficient but it did not have an additional effect in the protein-calorie deficient rats. The apparent absorption of lipids and nitrogen measured in these rats showed that the absorption reduction caused by diarrhea was more pronounced in the protein deficient group. This group also had the lowest activities of intestinal disaccharidases. These results showed that diarrhea had a more detrimental effect in protein deficient than in protein-calorie deficient rats.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Intestinal Absorption/physiology , Intestine, Small/metabolism , Protein Deficiency/metabolism , Carbohydrate Metabolism , Diarrhea , Disease Models, Animal , Disaccharidases/metabolism , Fats/metabolism , Nitrogen/metabolism , Protein Deficiency/enzymology , Protein Deficiency/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/enzymology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/metabolism , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
18.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 81(4): 317-324, jul.-ago. 2005. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-414403

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar, a ocorrência de desnutrição energético-protéica e de anemia e a absorção intestinal de ferro em crianças com doença hepática crônica. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 25 pacientes com doença hepática crônica, sendo 15 com colestase e 11 sem colestase. A idade variou entre 6,5 meses e 12,1 anos. A absorção intestinal de ferro foi avaliada pela elevação do ferro sérico uma hora após a ingestão de 1 mg/kg de ferro elementar e pela resposta à ferroterapia oral. A absorção intestinal de ferro foi comparada com um grupo de crianças com anemia ferropriva. RESULTADOS: A ingestão média de energia e proteínas nos pacientes com doença hepática com colestase foi maior do que nos pacientes sem colestase. O déficit nutricional foi mais grave nos pacientes com colestase, predominando os déficits de estatura-idade e peso-idade. A anemia foi freqüente tanto nas crianças com doença hepática com colestase (11/14; 78,6 por cento) como nas sem colestase (7/11; 63,6 por cento). Na doença hepática com colestase, observou-se menor (p < 0,05) absorção intestinal de ferro (90,6±42,1 µg/dl), em comparação com o grupo com anemia ferropriva (159,6±69,9 µg/dl). No entanto, o grupo com colestase apresentou resposta à ferroterapia oral. Os pacientes com doença hepática sem colestase apresentaram absorção intestinal de ferro semelhante à das crianças com anemia ferropriva. CONCLUSÃO: A doença hepática crônica com colestase associa-se com maior comprometimento nutricional. Apesar das crianças com colestase apresentarem evidência de má absorção intestinal de ferro, apresentaram resposta à ferroterapia oral, provavelmente, pela coexistência de deficiência de ferro.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/metabolism , Intestinal Absorption , Liver Diseases/metabolism , Nutritional Status/physiology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/metabolism , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/diagnosis , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/physiopathology , Chronic Disease , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cholestasis/metabolism , Eating/physiology , Iron/blood , Iron/pharmacokinetics , Liver Diseases/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Statistics, Nonparametric
20.
Salus militiae ; 27(2): 26-31, jul.-dic. 2002. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-396451

ABSTRACT

Con el propósito de determinar el estado nutricional en niños menores de 6 años se realizó un estudio analítico de prevalencia en el Sector El Milagro, ubicado en una zona Rural del Estado Portuguesa. La población estuvo conformada por 65 niños mediante un muestreo probabilistico intencional aleatorio se seleccionó 44 niños. Las madres fueron entrevistadas, se pesó y talló a cada niño. El estado nutricional fue determinado mediante estándares de OMS-FUNDACREDESA. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un estado nutricional normal 52,27 por ciento de los niños, 33,33 por ciento desnutridos y el riesgo nutricional y de obesidad 6.81 por ciento cada uno. El mayor porcentaje de desnutrición lo presentó el género femenino 33,33 por ciento (masculino 21,73 por ciento) y el grupo etario de 4 a 5 años (37,5 por ciento) y 2 a 3 años (30,76 por ciento). El análisis de riesgo se encontró que la relación, entre el período intergenésico y el estado nutricional tiene RP=11 (Cl 1,28-94,5; P=0,001). Otros factores de riesgo como peso al nacer menor de 2,500 gr y su relación con el estado nutricional mostró PR=3,45 (1,65-7,22; P=0,0006). De los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que existe la necesidad de seguir involucrando, en estas líneas otras poblaciones. Es imperativo mejorar los programas se salud dirigidos a las poblaciones más susceptibles tales como niños y sus madres


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Female , Risk Factors , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/etiology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Nutrition Assessment , Venezuela , Health
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